Natus minimuffs3/17/2023 ![]() For, example, higher waking maternal salivary cortisol in pregnancy is associated with increased internalizing behaviours in female infants and reduced internalizing behaviours in males( 5, 6). Neural correlates of prenatally stressed children include alternations in brain structural and functional connectivity, especially in networks involving the amygdala and prefrontal cortex( 2).Īdaptation of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a key mechanism by which maternal stress modulates offspring neurodevelopment( 3), and there is evidence that this mechanism operates in a sexually dimorphic manner( 4). Prenatal exposure to maternal stress is estimated to affect 10-35% of children worldwide, which is a major concern because early life stress is linked to impaired cognitive development, negative affectivity, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and psychiatric diagnoses including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, depression and schizophrenia( 1). Given the fundamental role of the amygdala in the emergence of emotion regulation, these findings offer new insights into mechanisms linking maternal stress with adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes of children. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy is related to newborn amygdala architecture and connectivity in a sexually dimorphic manner. Higher hair cortisol concentration was associated with higher left amygdala fractional anisotropy (β=0.677, p=0.010), lower left amygdala orientation dispersion index (β=-0.597, p=0.034), and higher fractional anisotropy in connections between the right amygdala and putamen (β=0.475, p=0.007) in girls compared to boys. In 78 human mother-infant dyads, maternal hair was sampled postnatally, and infants underwent magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age. We tested the hypothesis that maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, measured by hair cortisol concentration, is associated with microstructure, structural connectivity and volume of the infant amygdala. The mechanisms linking maternal stress in pregnancy with infant neurodevelopment in a sexually dimorphic manner are poorly understood. ![]()
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